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When Will Hindustan Become a Country Again

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Historic and geographic term for the whole or part of the Indian subcontinent

Hindustan (Persian: هندوستان, pronunciation(help·info) ), along with its shortened form Hind (هند),[one] is the Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, which afterwards became used by its inhabitants in Hindi–Urdu (Hindustani).[2] [3] [4] [5] Other toponyms of the subcontinent include Jambudvipa, Bharata, and India. After the Division of India, it continues to be used as a historic name for the Democracy of India.[half-dozen] [7] [8]

A secondary meaning of Hindustan is as a geographic term for the Indo-Gangetic Plain in northern India.[9]

Etymology [edit]

Hindustan is derived from the Farsi word Hindū cognate with the Sanskrit Sindhu.[ten] The Proto-Iranian sound change *south > h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, co-ordinate to Asko Parpola.[11] Hence, the Rigvedic sapta sindhava (the land of 7 rivers) became hapta hindu in the Avesta. It was said to exist the "fifteenth domain" created past Ahura Mazda, evidently a land of 'abnormal heat'.[12] In 515 BCE, Darius I annexed the Indus Valley including Sindhu, the nowadays day Sindh, which was called Hindu in Persian.[thirteen] During the time of Xerxes, the term "Hindu" was also practical to the lands to the due east of Indus.[10]

In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix -stān was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the present discussion Hindūstān.[14] Thus, Sindh was referred to equally Hindūstān in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Shapur I in c. 262 CE.[xv] [sixteen]

Historian B. Due north. Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin, the term Hindūstān got gradually extended to "more or less the whole of the subcontinent". The Greco-Roman name "India" and the Chinese name Shen-tu as well followed a similar evolution.[15] [17]

The Arabic term Hind, derived from Persian Hindu, was previously used by the Arabs to refer to the much wider Indianised region from the Makran coast to the Indonesian archipelago.[eighteen] Simply eventually information technology too became identified with the Indian subcontinent.

Current usage [edit]

Commonwealth of Bharat [edit]

"Hindustan" is often used to refer to the modern-solar day Democracy of India.[7] [8] [19] Slogans involving the term are commonly heard at sports events and other public programmes involving teams or entities representing the modern nation-land of India. In marketing, it is also usually used as an indicator of national origin in advertising campaigns and is nowadays in many company names. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and his political party the Muslim League, insisted on calling the modernistic-day Democracy of India "Hindustan" in reference to its Hindu-majority population.[xx]

People [edit]

The term 'Hindustani' refers to an Indian, irrespective of religious affiliation. Among non-Hindustani speakers due east.g. Bengali-speakers, "Hindustani" is used to depict persons who are from the upper Ganges, too regardless of religious affiliation, but rather as a geographic term.

Hindustani is sometimes used as an indigenous term applied to South asia (due east.g., a Mauritian or Surinamese man with roots in South Asia might describe his ethnicity by saying he is Hindustani). For example, Hindoestanen is a Dutch word used to describe people of S Asian origin, in the netherlands and Suriname.

Linguistic communication [edit]

The Hindustani language is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent.[21] Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi dialect of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas. Its literary standard forms—Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu—use different scripts. The Hindi register itself derives its name from shortened form, Hind (India).[22]

Historical usages [edit]

The state of Hindustan is extensive, full of men and full of produce. On the east, s and fifty-fifty on the west information technology ends at its cracking enclosing ocean (muḥiṭ-daryā-sī-gha). On the n it has mountains that connect with those of Hindu-Kush, Kafiristan and Kashmir. North-westward of it lies Kabul, Ghazni and Qandahar. Dihlī is held (aīrīmīsh) to exist the uppercase of the whole of Hindustan...

– Babur Nama, A. South. Beveridge, trans., vol. ane, sec. iii: 'Hindustan'[23]

Early Farsi scholars had limited knowledge of the extent of India. After the advent of Islam and the Muslim conquests, the meaning of Hindustan interacted with its Arabic variant Hind, which was derived from Persian as well, and almost became synonymous with it. The Arabs, engaging in oceanic trade, included all the lands from Tis in western Balochistan (near modern Chabahar) to the Indonesian archipelago, in their thought of Hind, specially when used in its expansive form as "Al-Hind". Hindustan did not acquire this elaborate meaning. According to André Wink, it as well did non acquire the stardom, which faded away, between Sind (roughly what is now western Pakistan) and Hind (the lands to the due east of the Indus River);[4] [18] [24] other sources state that Sind and Hind were used synonymously from early times,[25] and that later the arrival of Islamic rule in Bharat, "the variants Hind and Sind were used, every bit synonyms, for the entire subcontinent."[26] The tenth century text Hudud al-Alam divers Hindustan as roughly the Indian subcontinent, with its western limit formed by the river Indus, southern limit going up to the Great Sea and the eastern limit at Kamarupa, the nowadays day Assam.[17] For the side by side ten centuries, both Hind and Hindustan were used within the subcontinent with exactly this meaning, along with their adjectives Hindawi, Hindustani and Hindi.[27] [28] [29] Indeed, in 1220 CE, historian Hasan Nizami described Hind as being "from Peshawar to the shores of the [Indian] Ocean, and in the other management from Siwistan to the hills of Mentum."[thirty]

N Republic of india [edit]

With the Turko-Persian conquests starting in the 11th century, a narrower meaning of Hindustan also took shape. The conquerors were liable to call the lands under their control Hindustan, ignoring the rest of the subcontinent.[31] In the early 11th century a satellite state of the Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital at Lahore was called "Hindustan".[32] After the Delhi Sultanate was established, north India, especially the Gangetic plains and the Punjab, came to be chosen "Hindustan".[31] [33] [34] [35] Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that this narrow pregnant of Hindustan existed side by side with the wider significant, and some of the authors used both of them simultaneously.[36]

The Mughal Empire (1526–1857) chosen its lands 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the country. As the empire expanded, so also did 'Hindustan'. At the aforementioned time, the significant of 'Hindustan' as the entire Indian subcontinent is as well establish in Baburnama and Ain-i-Akbari.[37]

Kingdom of Nepal usage [edit]

The terminal Gorkhali Rex Prithvi Narayan Shah self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan (Real Hindustan) due to North India beingness ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. The cocky proclamation was done to enforce Hindu social code Dharmashastra over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for Hindus. He also referred Northern India as Mughlan (Country of Mughals) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.[38]

Colonial Indian usage [edit]

These dual meanings persisted with the arrival of Europeans. Rennel produced an atlas titled the Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire in 1792, which was in fact a map of the Indian subcontinent. Rennel thus conflated the three notions, 'India', 'Hindustan' and the Mughal Empire.[39] [twoscore] J. Bernoulli, to whom Hindustan meant the Mughal Empire, called his French translation La Card générale de fifty'Inde (Full general Map of India).[41] This 'Hindustan' of British reckoning was divided into British-ruled territories (sometimes referred to as 'India') and the territories ruled by native rulers.[42] The British officials and writers, withal, thought that the Indians used 'Hindustan' to refer to only North Republic of india.[43] [35] An Anglo-Indian Dictionary published in 1886 states that, while Hindustan means Bharat, in the "nativa parlance" it had come up to represent the region north of Narmada River excluding Bihar and Bengal.[34]

During the independence motility, the Indians referred to their land by all iii names: 'India', 'Hindustan' and 'India'.[44] Mohammad Iqbal's poem Tarānah-e-Hindī ("Anthem of the People of Hind") was a pop patriotic vocal among Indian independence activists.[45]

Sāre jahāṉ se acchā Hindustān hamārā
(the best of all lands is our Hindustan)

Partition of India [edit]

The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of British Bharat, which came to exist called 'Islamic republic of pakistan' in popular parlance and the remaining Republic of india came to be called 'Hindustan'.[46] The British officials too picked up the 2 terms and started using them officially.[19]

However, this naming did non meet the approving of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the country of Hindus. They insisted that the new Rule of Bharat should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'.[47] Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Associates of Republic of india, whereas 'India' was adopted as an official name.[48] It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.[49]

The Indian Military apply the salutary version of the name, "Jai Hind" as a battle cry.[i]

Run into besides [edit]

  • Names for India
  • Āryāvarta
  • Bharata Khanda
  • -stan

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Identify Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-429-61421-7.
  2. ^ Goel, Koeli Moitra (2 March 2018). "In Other Spaces: Contestations of National Identity in "New" India's Globalized Mediascapes". Journalism & Communication Monographs. xx (1): four–73. doi:10.1177/1522637917750131. "Hindustan," or the state of the Hindus, is another Hindi proper noun for Republic of india.
  3. ^ Śivaprasāda, Rājā (1874). A History of Hindustan. Medical Hall Press. p. xv. The Persians called the tract lying on the left banking company of the Sindhu (Indus) Hind, which is but a corruption of the word Sindh.
  4. ^ a b Ahmad, S. Maqbul (1986), "Hind: The Geography of Bharat co-ordinate to the Medieaeval Muslim Geographers", in B. Lewis; V. L. Ménage; Ch. Pellat; J. Schacht (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Islam, Book III (H–IRAM) (Second ed.), Brill, ISBN978-90-04-12756-2
  5. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 46: "They used the proper name Hindustan for India Intra Gangem or taking the latter expression rather loosely for the Indian subcontinent proper. The term Hindustan, which in the "Naqsh-i-Rustam" inscription of Shapur I denoted Republic of india on the lower Indus, and which later on gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent, was used by some of the European authors concerned as a role of bigger India. Hindustan was of course a well-known name for the subcontinent used in India and outside in medieval times."
  6. ^ "Sindh: An Introduction", Shaikh Ayaz International Briefing – Language & Literature, archived from the original on 20 Oct 2007
  7. ^ a b Sarina Singh (2009). Lonely Planet Bharat (xiii, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 276. ISBN9781741791518.
  8. ^ a b Christine Everaer (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Brusk Stories (annotated ed.). BRILL. p. 82. ISBN9789004177314.
  9. ^ "Hindustan: Definition". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved fifteen May 2012.
  10. ^ a b Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva (2002), p. 3.
  11. ^ Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism (2015), Chapter 9.
  12. ^ Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva (2002), p. ii.
  13. ^ Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism (2015), Chapter 1.
  14. ^ Habib, Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times (2011), p. 105.
  15. ^ a b Mukherjee, The Strange Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 46.
  16. ^ Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000), p. 553.
  17. ^ a b Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Culture (2000), p. 555.
  18. ^ a b Wink, Al-Hind, Volume ane (2002), p. 5: "The Arabs, similar the Greeks, adopted a pre-existing Persian term, simply they were the outset to extend its application to the unabridged Indianized region from Sind and Makran to the Indonesian Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia."
  19. ^ a b White-Spunner, Barney (2017), Partition: The story of Indian independence and the cosmos of Pakistan in 1947, Simon & Schuster Britain, p. five, ISBN978-1-4711-4802-vi
  20. ^ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India. New York: Routledge. pp. xiv–15. ISBN978-0415599009. At partition, the Muslim League tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the British that the 2 independent countries should be chosen Hindustan and Pakistan but neither the British nor the Congress gave in to this demand. It is important to note that Jinnah and the majority of the Pakistani policy-makers take frequently referred to independent Republic of india as "Hindustan," every bit an affidavit of the two nation theory.
  21. ^ Ashmore, Harry Southward. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Book 11. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in Westward Islamic republic of pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
  22. ^ Beg, Mirzā K̲h̲alīl (1996). Sociolinguistic perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India. Bahri Publications. p. 37. The word Hind significant 'India', comes from the Farsi language, and the suffix -i which is transcribed in the Western farsi alphabet equally ya-i-ma'ruf is a grammatical marker meaning 'relating to'. The word Hindi, thus, meant 'relating/belonging to India' or the 'Indian native'.
  23. ^ Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Culture (2000), p. 17.
  24. ^ Wink, Al-Hind, Volume ane (2002), p. 145: "The Arabic literature ofttimes conflates 'Sind' with 'Hind' into a single term just besides refers to 'Sind and Hind' to distinguish the 2. Sind, in indicate of fact, while vaguely defined territorially, overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan. It definitely did extend across the present province of Sind and Makran; the whole of Baluchistan was included, a part of the Panjab, and the North-Due west Borderland Province."
  25. ^ Fatiḥpūrī, Dildār ʻAlī Farmān (1987). Pakistan movement and Hindi-Urdu conflict. Sang-due east-Meel Publications. There are examples to show that "Hind" and "Sind", have been used as synonyms.
  26. ^ Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain (1965). The Struggle for Pakistan. University of Karachi. p. 1. It was after the Arab conquest that the proper name Sind came to be applied to territories much beyond modern Sind and gradually it came to pass that the variants Hind and Sind were used, every bit synonyms, for the unabridged subcontinent.
  27. ^ Ali, 1000. Athar (January 1996), "The Development of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl", Social Scientist, 24 (1/3): eighty–88, doi:10.2307/3520120, JSTOR 3520120
  28. ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (2005), "Concepts of India: Expanding Horizons in Early Medieval Arabic and Farsi Writing", in Ifran Habib (ed.), Bharat — Studies in the History of an Idea, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, pp. 98–99, ISBN978-81-215-1152-0
  29. ^ Habib, Irfan (July 1997), "The Germination of India: Notes on the History of an Idea", Social Scientist, 25 (vii/8): iii–x, doi:10.2307/3517600, JSTOR 3517600
  30. ^ The Indian Magazine, Problems 193-204. National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India. 1887. p. 292. Again Hasan Nizami of Nisha-pur, about A.D. 1220, writes: "The whole of Hind, from Peshawar to the shores of the Ocean, and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin."
  31. ^ a b Shoaib Daniyal, Country of Hindus? Mohan Bhagwat, Narendra Modi and the Sangh Parivar are using 'Hindustan' all incorrect, Coil.in, 30 October 2017.
  32. ^ J. T. P. de Bruijn, fine art. HINDU at Encyclopædia Iranica Vol. XII, Fasc. iii, pp. 311-312, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/manufactures/hindu, Retrieved 6 May 2016
  33. ^ "Hindustan". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
  34. ^ a b Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996) [first published 1886], Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Lexicon, Wordsworth Editions, ISBN978-ane-85326-363-seven : "Hindostan, due north.p. Pers. Hindūstan. (a) 'The country of Hindūs', Bharat. In modern native parlance the discussion indicates distinctively (b) India north of the Nerbudda, and exclusive of Bengal and Behar. The latter provinces are regarded as pūrb (see Poorub), and all south of the Nerbudda as Dakhan (see Deccan). Simply the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school-books and atlases, viz., as (a) the equivalent of Bharat Proper. Thus Babur says of Hindustan: 'On the East, the Southward and the West it is bounded past the Ocean'"
  35. ^ a b Macdonnell, Arthur A. (1968) [get-go published 1900]. A History of Sanskrit Literature. Haskell Business firm Publishers. p. 141. GGKEY:N230TU9P9E1.
  36. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 132.
  37. ^ Vanina, Eugenia (2012), Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man, Primus Books, p. 47, ISBN978-93-80607-19-i
  38. ^ Naraharinath, Yogi; Acharya, Baburam (2014). Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. ISBN978-99933-912-1-0.
  39. ^ * Edney, Matthew H. (2009), Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British Republic of india, 1765-1843, Academy of Chicago Printing, p. xi, ISBN978-0-226-18486-nine
  40. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, Bharat, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 3.
  41. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 71.
  42. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 48.
  43. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 133.
  44. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 1.
  45. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 26.
  46. ^ Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina (2015), pp. 17–xviii, 22.
  47. ^ Sabharwal, Gopa (2007), India Since 1947: The Independent Years, Penguin Books Limited, p. 12, ISBN978-93-5214-089-iii
  48. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 39.
  49. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraphs 42–45.

Full general sources [edit]

  • Clémentin-Ojha, Catherine (2014). "'India, that is Bharat…': One Land, Two Names". South asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. 10.
  • Dhulipala, Venkat (2015), Creating a New Medina, Cambridge University Printing, ISBN978-1-107-05212-three
  • Habib, Irfan (2011), "Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times: Aspects of Evolution and Recognition of a Language", in Ishrat Alam; Syed Ejaz Hussain (eds.), The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray, Primus Books, pp. 105–124, ISBN978-93-80607-xvi-0
  • Lipner, Julius (1998), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, ISBN0415051827
  • Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early on Aryans and the Indus Civilisation, Oxford University Press Incorporated, ISBN978-0190226923
  • Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1989), The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent, Identify Names Society of India
  • Ray, Niharranjan; Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, eds. (2000), A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization, Orient Blackswan, ISBN978-81-250-1871-1
  • Sharma, Arvind (2002), "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva", Numen, 49 (1): 1–36, doi:10.1163/15685270252772759, JSTOR 3270470
  • Wink, André (2002) [first published 1990], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN0391041738

Further reading [edit]

  • A Sketch of the History of Hindustan from the Beginning Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughal Empire by H. G. Keene. (Hindustan The English Historical Review, Vol. ii, No. 5 (January. 1887), pp. 180–181.)
  • Story of India through the Ages; An Entertaining History of Hindustan, to the Suppression of the Mutiny, by Flora Annie Steel, 1909 E.P. Dutton and Co., New York. (equally recommended by the New York Times; Flora Annie Steel Book Review, 20 February 1909, New York Times.)
  • The History of Hindustan: Post Classical and Modern, Ed. B.S. Danniya and Alexander Dow. 2003, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1993-four. (History of Hindustan (First published: 1770-1772). Dow had succeeded his father as the private secretary of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.)

Coordinates: 23°59′40″North 67°25′51″E  /  23.99444°N 67.43083°E  / 23.99444; 67.43083

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan

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